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Native American Paintings - Are you interested in Native American art? Are you taken away by the free spirit of the aboriginals? Than you should take a look at some Native American paintings....
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I'm Thankful For My Home! - Often I hear Canadians complain about our country and it not only surprises me but also throws me into a more pronounced form of patriotism. Although I have always been proud of my homeland, my feelings in this regard have strengthened over the years. Spending dozens of unscheduled hours in airports because of weather conditions reminds me that we are not constantly facing the havoc which tornadoes or tsunamis have brought to other countries....
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Thoughts on Cultural Roots - Our knowledge and understanding of human religious and spiritual beliefs should have its roots in the indigenous world view, the cosmic perspective of people still connected directly to the earth and whose cultural ties extended into the distant past. Such knowledge, however, is difficult to gain because our data for pre-historical periods, that is, before our written records, are scanty and based primarily on artifacts found in ancient human settlements. Interpreting these artifacts for cultural data is a fairly recent undertaking, so our skills and techniques are still far from expertise....
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History of Script - 15th Century and Beyond - In the 14th and 15th century, Italian scholars following Petrarch's admiration for classical culture, adopt what they believe is a Roman style for their new, original script. In searching through ancient texts they discover the elegant Carolingian manuscripts, from Charlemagne's monastic workshops and adapt this paragon for their texts. The secretary of the papal court of Rome, Poggio Bracciolini, uses lowercase letters evident in Carolingian script and adds capital letters in straight-edged design, imitating Roman script used on monuments....
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History of Script - 8th to 15th Century AD - A distinguished scholar from York named Alcuin is invited by emperor Charlemagne in 780 AD to direct the palace school at Aachen. One of Alcuin's students, Godesalc, is commissioned by Charlemagne to create what later becomes known as the Godesalc Evangelistary, an impressively calligraphic manuscript of the gospels. The book is completed in April of 783 and is the first expression of Carolingian miniscule, relevant by its use of conventional of upper and lowercase letters....
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The Alphabet - Early Developments - Recording the language of spoken Gothic becomes the intellectual task of Ulfilas, the first known human to undertake the task of creating a written language from purely oral speech. He created a new alphabet from the Greek and Roman text devising twenty-seven new letters to translate the Bible from Greek into the Gothic language. His work in incomplete but portions of the Epistles and the Gospels remain, predating Jerome's Latin translation....
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The Development of the Alphabet - 2500 BC to the Phonecians - The Indus script, written by officials of the Indus valley, was used mainly to assist the bureaucrats in administration. These seals were carved in soapstone or steatite, the center of which depicts an animal or yogic-like postured human form above and around it formal symbols, short lines or other animal forms. The significance and interpretations of these thousands of seals are unknown but the supposition is for trade and accounting purposes. These seals have also been mass-produced from molds on religious and ritual objects....
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Frederick Douglass Fights For Liberating Many Others Through His Numerous Newspapers - Douglass began preparation for the publication of an anti-slavery paper as several journals edited by Negroes had gone out of circulation. So his aim was to establish a paper that would be appearing regularly and and would serve constantly as 'a powerful evidence that the Negro was too much of a man to be held a chattel.'...
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The American Dream and Eugene O'Neill - The present study is about Eugene O'Neill's great achievements, The Iceman Cometh and Long Lay's Journey into Night. This study traces the features of "The American Dream" in these two particular plays. Here "The American Dream" is considered as a myth. It is the myth of success that for many centuries the people of America have been looking for it. They have been looking for happiness, freedom, fame, money, equality, and new values in "The American Dream". O'Neill in his plays has thought a great deal about man in relation to his social environment and has criticized the whole structure of American society. O'Neill did not accept the illusions and the ideals that were created by "The American Dream". He criticized the social values. His attitude towards his country and its values was critical and in a number of plays he has focused on the failure and collapse of these values....
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Human Rights and Democracy - The story of evolution of human rights has a long fascinating history; On the one hand we find the oddity of people enslaving their fellow beings and on the other hand people out to establish values in a civilized society. Democracy is compatible only with appropriate rights and duties. The article deals with important aspects of human rights for the conduct of democratic traditions....
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George Gershwin - Prolific Songwriter and Musical Maestro - George Gershwin was born on the 26th of September, 1986 in Brooklyn, New York. His roots were a mix of Ukrainian and Jewish roots, from Russia. The key to his interest was a violin recital by his childhood pal Max Rozen....
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Celtic Symbols and the Birth of Taliesin - The cauldron is one of the oldest of Celtic symbols, and one that has come down the ages to us in various forms. The best known tale of the cauldron comes from Wales, and concerns the great bard, Taliesin and how he came to be born. The goddess Cerridwen had a magical cauldron, which was stirred by a boy named Gwion....
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Portraits of Sports Figures As Art - The world loves a good sports match. It allows us to follow a competitive game and become invested in the match which is happening. We can pick a favorite team and root for them all the way through the season, hoping that they come out on top....
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Humour - Cross-Cultural Communication and Second Language Acquisition - Although humour regarded as a universal human characteristic and the subject of investigation and commentary since the time of ancient Greeks, cross-cultural communication, and second language learning and teaching, have been systematically investigated only since around the mid-twentieth century. Even humour, only sparingly the subject of comment and speculation since Plato's time, gained added impetus with academics taking up its study and holding conferences since the 1960s....
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Boy in the Box - Philly's Murder Unsolved - I was born in Philadelphia in 1954. During the 50's the city was thriving. Many GI's from WWII had long returned to their home town, found the love of their life, married and started families. Exodus to the suburban areas was just beginning and neighborhoods were ethnic; Italian, Irish, German, African American,...
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Taboos in Manipur - Taboo is a forbidden activity, something that is not permitted, something which stands against social approval and is disallowed by norms of behavior. They are complete restrictions or prohibition in saying or doing something. It is concerned with social and cultural aspects of life. Manipur society is rich in taboos, making the people a highly civilized one since time immemorial. It is also for the preservation of culture and traditions....
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Death Records For Genealogy - There are different reasons why people search for death records but one of the most common reasons is for genealogy. Death records can play a very important role in genealogy because they can tell you a great deal about the living ancestors....
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Plato and Aristotle - The contrasting preoccupations of the classical Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle are outlined. While Plato concentrated on human reason and abstract ideas, Aristotle dealt with the world of the senses and observable reality. Their views on women were also interestingly diverse....
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10 No-Fee Resources For Climbing Your Family Tree Online - As the Webmaster of a genealogy website, I'm often asked if it's possible to find family tree data that doesn't come with a price tag. My answer is yes! Here's how . . ....
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This American Life - From the Radio to TV - For nearly fifteen years, Americans across the country have tuned into Ira Glass and his remarkably catchy radio program, This American Life. Yes, the radio. So 80 years ago, right? Well, this eclectic, hard to pinpoint variety show (if you could call it that) has developed a cult like following. Millions of listeners have been tuning in each and every week. Fans of the show know that every week, there's a theme and there's a variety of stories on that theme played out in a few acts....
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The Little Red Riding Hood and the Troubadour - The Little Red Riding Hood's father killed the wolf that had tried to eat her. On their way back home, he admonished her. "You are too gullible," he said....
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Ganga As Daughter and Wife - One of the legends states that the water in the kamandalu or water vessel of Brahma automatically transformed itself into the goddess Ganga. Since she came from Brahma's water vessel, Ganga is also revered as one of the many Shaktis of the goddess Mahamaya Adishakti....
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Rajasthan Handicraft - A Magnificent Blend of Colours and Culture - Rajasthani Handicrafts showcase the colourful side of the desert and draw thousands of tourists from all over the world. These unique items make the state a very popular shopping destination in India. Intricate carvings, minute mirrorwork, and colourful designs and shades are the identity of this fairy land of handicrafts....
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Major Taylor Jersey - Why are so many people dishonoring Major Taylor to make a quick buck? They make money while doing nothing to resurrect or enhance his legacy....
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Mother Luck and the Discovery of Tutankamun - It was the year 1903 and the discoverer of the young Pharaoh Tutankhamen was earning a living from selling water color paintings. If opportunity did not walk up to him, King Tut might never have been discovered. The reason for this is bizarre, yet true....
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King Tut - The Boy King and His Wife - Tutankhamen never won a great battle and never built a colossal monument yet this Egyptian King is the best known today. He died in 1340 B.C. but his name will not be forgotten. This is almost as accidental as the discovery of his tomb....
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History of the Chinese Hand Held Fan - The first Chinese fans were nothing more than bird feathers or large leaves. Tradition holds that King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty in the 11th century B.C. invented the Chinese hand-held fan, and the oldest known Chinese hand held fan was found in China in 1982 and is approximately 2,300 years old....
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Chinese Cinnabar Lacquerware - Lacquerware is any object that has been coated with lacquer, a substance that produces a very hard and durable finish. Lacquer is resistant to water damage, acid and abrasion. The most common type of lacquer comes from a specific type of tree, called the lac or varnish tree....
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An Adventure Story - Barack Obama gives renewed hope to a planet in peril. Political infighting the world over leaves many citizens wondering why we have leaders at all. While many behave like drunken pirates high on power ordinary citizens are taking the lead...
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A History of Lebanon, Part Four - On 25 May, 2000. Israel completed its withdrawal from the south of Lebanon, only a fifty acre piece of Lebanese terrain, known as the Shebaa Farms remains under Israeli control. The UN has certified Israel's withdrawal and regards the Shebaa Farms as occupied Syrian territory, while Lebanon and Syria regard it as occupied Lebanese territory....
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A History of Lebanon, Part Three - Israel eventually invaded Lebanon in 1978 in response to a wave of Fatah attacks, occupying most of the area south of the Litani River. The UN Security Council called for an immediate Israeli withdrawal and created the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) charged with maintaining peace. Israeli forces withdrew leaving an SLA-controlled border strip as a protective against PLO incursions....
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A History of Lebanon, Part Two - During the 1960s, Lebanon enjoyed a period of relative calm, as it enjoyed prosperity derived from tourism and banking. The country was perceived as a bastion of economic progress by the oil rich Gulf states, their funds transformed Lebanon's economy into one of the fastest growing in the world. However this period of economic success was dragged to an abrupt halt with the collapse of Yousef Beidas' Intra Bank, the country's largest bank in 1966....
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A History of Lebanon - Part One - The earliest settlement of Lebanon is believed to stretch back earlier than 5,000 BC, indeed Byblos is generally considered to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. The coastal plain of Lebanon was home to the Phoenicians whose maritime culture flourished for over 2,000 years. Their most famous colonies included Cadiz in modcern day Spain and Carthage in modern day Tunisia....
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A History of Israel - Part Five - In June 1985, Israel withdrew most of its troops from Lebanon, leaving a residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported militia in South Lebanon, creating a 'security zone' to act as a buffer to prevent attacks on North Israel. Continued Israeli settlement and occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, led to the First Palestinian Intifada in 1987 which lasted until 1991. In October 1991, US President George W Bush and the Soviet Union Premier, Mikhail Gorbachev, jointly convened a historic meeting in Madrid of Israeli, Lebanese, Jordanian, Syrian and Palestinian leaders....
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A History of Israel - Part Four - In September 1970, King Hussein of Jordan drove the Palestinian Liberation Organisation out of his country, they shifted their operations to Lebanon where the 1969 Cairo agreement had given the Palestinians autonomy in the south of the country. On 6 October 1973, Syrian and Egyptian forces launched a surprise attack on Israel, however despite early losses, Israeli forces managed to repulse the attackers. In November 1977, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat made a monumental visit to Jerusalem at the invitation of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin....
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A History of Israel - Part Three - Arab supply routes were long and fragile and as the war dragged on they began to develop problems in re-supplying their ammunition banks. In 1949 a ceasefire was declared and Israel's interim borders were drawn, later becoming known as the Green Line. Egypt remained in control of the Gaza strip and Transjordan annexed the West Bank and eastern Jerusalem....
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Al-Qaeda - A History - The origins of Al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet War in Afghanistan. The United States viewed the Soviet support of the Afghan Marxists against the Afghan mujahedeen as a sign of Soviet aggression and expansionist policy. The CIA launched Operation Cyclone, channelling funds through Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence agency to the mujahedeen....
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The 'Good Vampire' Archetype - A Brief Incursion Into the Origins of Vampire Stories - This article explores the possible origins of the rising 'good vampire' motif (e.g. Twilight, Coppola's Dracula, Interview with the Vampire) by going to the roots of the vampire story. Thus, the possible sources of the first vampire story - Polidori's The Vampyre - are analyzed....
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Hugh Laurie - Gifted Actor and Piano Player - The next time you're watching TV and Gregory House sits down by the piano at the end of an episode, watch his fingers carefully. The British actor that plays Dr. House, Hugh Laurie, is both an accomplished actor and a professional musician....
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The Architecture That Housed Great Literary Minds - When we think of the great literary minds that created the masterworks of our time, we often overlook the cities and towns where they grew up and more importantly the types of houses where they lived and wrote. Jane Austen penned some of the most well drawn heroines in literature. Many people have even copied her English style home with english country house plans of their own....
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Bussa - Leader With Heart - In the history of Barbados there may not have been a more dominant voice of freedom then the Barbados captive (formerly of Africa) Bussa. Bussa was captured and brought to the island of Barbados by force where he was enslaved in the 18th century on the Barleys plantation....
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Poe - Born in Boston, Immortalized in Baltimore - It's what every writer's dream is, earn a living doing what he/she loves best, writing. Edgar Allen Poe, Baltimore's beloved writer did just that, although his first piece was written and published anonymously. He was brother to William and Rosalie Poe....
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"Psych-travel" - Chapter Two - "Brooklyn, Social Work in the City" - Set in the 1970's, "Psycho-travel" is a comic adventure novel that recounts the lives of two young New Yorkers who travel the world in search of love and adventure. Lou is a New York social worker and Carl is a chemist. When one of Lou's lovers tells Carl he is crazy, his response is "only part of the time." Lou has to work hard keeping the mad chemist in check, such as when he attempts to buy a monkey at the famous Djeema El Fna marketplace in Marrakesh Morocco. Lou's philosophy, kindly provided by his loving father, is that life should be enjoyed, not simply endured. Lou attempts to follow that philosophy with a vengeance as his travels take him to such far-off places as Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, the jungles of northern Guatemala, the Amazon, Istanbul. Mallorca, and many other places in the world. The story begins with Lou's adventures as a social worker in New York City and as a primary resource for some hard-core criminals released from Sing Sing and Dannemora prisons. Some of thei...
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Historical Swords Asia and Europe - Medieval Europe and ancient Asia are the focal points for the history of swords. In both parts of the world, weaponry, swords and armor in particular, were an essential part of life and death....
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Oriental Pottery - Such a variety of decorative designs and amazing colors have never been equaled, and the decorations include a great variety of flower patterns in their natural colorings placed on the background colors described above. Other patterns were made showing scenes of domestic life, court scenes, historical and mythological subjects, the familiar dragon and phoenix bird of the most gorgeous plumage, landscapes, sacred mountains, butterflies, insects, the Buddhist emblems and many others too numerous to mention....
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The Role of Children in Oriental Rugs - To many people in the world, the thought of having our young children work and help us make a living seems unethical, immoral, and downright appalling. In many mid-eastern villages, working the family business is a way of life for all family members, including fairly young children....
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How Christmas is Celebrated in Africa - How can you bring a little African culture into your Christmas celebration? We'll tell you how, and you'll also learn the amazing different ways Christmas is celebrated throughout Africa....
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The Essence of a Name - On the other hand the famous American actor John Wayne has a famous name. That however was his stage name. His real name was Marion Michael Morrison. Would that name have suited a tough cowboy image? It can be argued that a name does serve a valid purpose in our lives....
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Charlie Chaplin Biography - Charles Spencer Chaplin, born on April 16, 1889 in London, England, is considered as the greatest entertainer the world has ever seen. He was not just a comedian, actor and a performer but also a thinker who had the power to realistically reflect and reasonably exaggerate contemporary issues that could draw people to witness and understand the issues through his performance....
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Pope Benedict the 16th - After death of Pope John Paul II on April 2, 2005, the College of Cardinals in Rome elected a new Pope on April 19, 2005 to lead the Catholic Church. He was His Eminence Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, better known by his papal name Pope Benedict 16th....
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Andy Warhol Biography - A multifaceted personality, Andrew Warhola, popularly called Andy Warhol, began his career as an advertisement illustrator after completing a Bachelors' Degree in Fine Arts from Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh. Born in August 6, 1928 in Pittsburg to parents of Slovakian origin, Andy Warhol suffered from learning disability during his childhood....
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Biography of Richard Branson - The originator of the world famous brand 'Virgin' Richard Charles Nicholas Branson is a chroming personality of multiple deeds. A self styled entrepreneur who went on to become one of the richest men in the world....
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Who Was Sherlock Holmes? - A physician by profession and a writer by obsession Arthur Conan Doyle created the character of Sherlock Holmes who turned out to be an embodiment of enigmatic revelations. A scientific detective Sherlock Holmes first appeared in the story entitled 'A Study in Scarlet' that was also Doyle's first book to be published in 1887....
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Biography of Diana, Princess of Wales - Born Diana Frances Spencer and as the youngest child in the family of the Viscount of Althorp, Diana, Princess of Wales had an uneasy childhood. Barely six years after she was born on July 1, 1961, her parents split and she, her brother and two sisters soon found themselves amidst a dispute for guardianship....
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Biography of Martin Luther King Jr - "I have a Dream" were the famous words once uttered, as an expression of deep intention that later inspired a country to leap forward towards civility. These were the words voiced by Martin Luther King, Jr. in Washington on the 28th of August 1963....
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Biography of Salvador Dali - Insinuated by his imaginary skills and his artistic talents his mother stirred him to cultivate the flair he was born with. In 1922, a year after his mother died he moved to live in a boarding house in the capital city of Madrid where he continued his learning in art....
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King Djoser - 2687-2668 BC - And the Step Pyramid - King Djoser (2687-2668 BC), was the first pharaoh in the third dynasty as many scholars believed. They also think that queen Nimaethap was his mother and Khasekhemwy was his father....
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History and Development of Chinese Porcelain Captial - Jingdezhen, China - During the long years of development of porcelain production. Jingdezhen has trained skilled craftsmen and artists who have passed their skill from one generation to the next, and have worked hard to help develop porcelain art. They have mastered porcelain materials and technology and very rich vocabulary of porcelain culture and art....
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History and Development of the Chinese Ceramic Captial - Shiwan, China - Many sand earthenware, soft and hard earthenware decorated pieces have been unearthed from the Beiqiu Relic of the New Stone Age excavation in Hedang, Shiwan. The decorating patterns include string, trellis design, leaf, ladder-shaped trellis, frogs, etc.. According to the carbon 14 dating by the Beijing Archaeological Studies Office, these pieces were made four thousand nine hundred to five thousand years ago....
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History and Development of LuoYang Ceramics - Tang Tri Color - From China - Luoyang, a very famous city in the middle of China, is specialized in manufacturing of hand-made Tri-colored Tang (Tangsancai) art ceramic products especially to those of reproduction. Tri-colored Tang (Tangsancai) refers to the tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty (618-907A.D....
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Milk and San Francisco - There is a new movie coming out that will call attention to gay rights, San Francisco and Harvey Milk. Who is Harvey Milk and why does he deserve a movie?...
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A Rare Art From China - Inside Painting of Snuff Bottles - The snuff bottle is a kind of small container with tiny mouth and flat belly so that it is easy for people to carry and use. This miniature handicraft was a microcosm of the painting and carrying techniques, which prevailed in the Qing dynasty. However, painting inside snuff bottle is different than glass painting. When painting a bottle, a painter usually use an angled bamboo pen with color, inserted into the small opening in the neck of the bottle and painting in the narrow space inside of it. Therefore, it is more difficult to paint inside a bottle than a piece of glass which needs a special skill and not every painter can be competent at such a tremendous work....
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Wang Qian - The World Famed Chinese Inside Painted Snuff-Bottle - Master Artist - Mr. Wang Qian is a young artist of inside-picture, leading role of the inside painting school Huayixuan and one of the best students of Wang Xisan. He was born in Jingxian County, Hebei Province in 1956. He began to study the art of inside-picture under the famous master Wang Xisan in 1973. As he was diligent, he learned the genuine skill soon and made great achievement in the art....
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Culture Traditions of Ladakh and Kashmir - The State has a rich cultural heritage and has a wealth of ancient literature, language, religion, arts, crafts and music. Tours and Travel to the state of Kashmir gives you the opportunity to feel the rich and deeply rooted in ancient tradition of Indian culture....
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A History of Israel, Part Two - Continued Arab attacks and a general failure on the part of the British authorities to protect Jewish settlers led the Jews into creating a defence militia. With increased persecution of Jews by the emerging fascist states in Europe, there was a marked increase in the numbers of settlers arriving in Palestine. This in turn led to a large scale Arab rebellion in Palestine from 1936-1939....
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Was Macbeth Scotland's Most Dastardly King? - Shakespeare drew loosely from historical accounts about King Macbeth of Scotland for his play Macbeth. Early in the play Macbeth, who is a general in King Duncan of Scotland's army is told by Three Witches that he will one day be king. Lady Macbeth hatches a plot to murder Duncan so her husband can claim the throne for himself....
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A History of James I of England & VI of Scotland - James Charles Stuart was the only child of Mary, Queen of Scots and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany. James succeeded Mary to the throne after her abdication, he was only one year old, becoming King James VI of Scotland. He married Anne of Denmark, daughter of Frederick II in 1590....
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Braveheart - Will the Real William Wallace Please Stand Up? - William Wallace's activities prior to 1297 are completely undocumented, he first enters the annals of history rather infamously when he killed William Heselrig, the English Sheriff of Lanark. He became involved in the Scottish Wars of Independence achieving victories at Loudoun Hill and Ayr, he also fought alongside Sir William Douglas the Hardy at Scone. On September 11 1297, Wallace won the Battle of Stirling Bridge against a vastly superior English army....
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A History of Robert the Bruce of Scotland, Part One - Robert the Bruce disagreed with the outcome of the Great Cause in 1292, which gave the Crown of Scotland to John Balliol, he viewed it as unjust in that it prevented his branch of family their rightful place. He sided with Edward I against John, he received a respite for all his debts owed to the English Exchequer. In 1296, Robert the Bruce and his father swore fealty to Edward I, but the following year Robert supported the Scottish revolt against Edward....
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The Tragic Life of Mary, Queen of Scots, Part Two - When Mary's husband, Francois died in 1560, France decided to withdraw their troops from Scotland and recognise Elizabeth as Queen of England, Mary refused to ratify this agreement. She returned to Scotland in 1561 but she tolerated the Protestant ascendancy. In 1565, Mary married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley....
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The Tragic Life of Mary, Queen of Scots - Part One - Princess Mary Stuart was born at Linlithgow Place, Linlithgow, Scotland in December 1542 to King James V of Scotland and his French wife Mary of Guise. The week old Mary became Queen of Scotland when her father died at the age of 30. Things were moving rather swiftly for Mary, when just six months old, the Treaties of Greenwich promised Mary to be married to Edward , son of King Henry VIII in 1552 and for their heirs to inherit the Kingdoms of Scotland and England....
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A History of Israel - Part One - There is evidence of a Jewish presence in Israel for over three thousand years, the very title Jewish comes from their origin in Judah. In the first century AD the Jews broke away from the Roman Empire setting up a new kingdom, Israel. The Romans subsequently crushed the revolt, the Jews rose again in the second, it too was suppressed - the Jews were thrown out of Jerusalem and their province of Judah was re-named Palaestina....
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The King Without Crown - William Shakespeare was not only the name of a play writer but also, he was a versatile genius in the sky of English literature who led his pen through out the intensive problems of human beings irrespective of castes and creed and even with his gallant touch, the common phenomena of human societies have been reflected in a systematic manner. As he has entered in English literature as a Play Writer but he has thought about the poetic diction in the world which speaks about the nature, love and the superiority of natural aspects virtually....
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A History of James II of England & VII of Scotland, Part Three - Threatened by a Catholic dynasty, a group of Protestant nobles, later known as the Immortal Seven, invited the Prince of Orange to come to England with an army. William arrived in England on 5 November 1688, many Protestant officers defected to his side as did James' daughter Princess Anne. James bottled it, refusing to attack and fled to France, seeking refuge in the court of his cousin, Louis XIV....
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A History of James II of England & VII of Scotland, Part Two - In fear of the so called Exclusion Bill being passed, Charles II dissolved Parliament in 1679, this was to happen again in 1680 and 1681. This Exclusion Crisis was a major contributor to development of the English two party system, the Whigs who supported the Bill and the Tories who opposed it. In 1680, James was appointed as Lord High Commissioner of Scotland in order to suppress a rising and impose royal government....
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A History of James II of England & VII of Scotland - Part One - James was the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France and was born on 14 October 1633. When Charles I was executed in 1649, monarchists proclaimed James' older brother, Charles, as King Charles II. Both brothers sought refuge on the Continent, where James fought in both the French and Spanish armies....
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Famous Names in the Philippines' Guestbook - Who are the famous people who have visited the Philippines? They have become part of the history of this country in the South east Asia....
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Living in a Multicultural America - the American National Public Radio did a month long series on multiculturalism. Read on to understand how living in a multicultural America can help you in business and change the way you do business, for your profit....
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Mayan Religious Beliefs - In the Mayan culture it was the priests who were the centre of power both in political and religious issues. For many religions, including the Maya's, believed that a vital force separated the living from the dead....
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Dragons - Angels of the Orient - Stories and myths about dragons run through most cultures, ancient and modern. Was there ever a beast that walked the earth that could account for these stories and myths? Some say that the ancients may have found fossils of dinosaurs, and by the use of their imaginations 'created' a beast from this evidence....
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Hypermodern Book Collecting - Hypermodern books are books published in the last 10-20 years. When collecting these the trick is determining which books will appreciate in value....
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Birth, Marriage & Death Certificates in the UK - If you are serious about doing family history then you have to be able to prove your pedigree. The only way to do this is by official records containing an unbroken link of your ancestors. There is one line for your mother and another for your father....
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The History of Writing Implements - The history of writing implements begins with the cave man scribbling pictorial images depicting daily rituals of hunting or planting crops into the walls, creating cave paintings seen in places such as Lascaux dating back to 25,000 BC. Record keeping advanced with the advent of symbols that were recognized as having meaning. Clay made communication portable and in 8,500 BC, the first merchants employed clay tokens with pictographs to keep track of what was shipped and traded. Pictographs gave way to representational figures, becoming the first alphabet in 1700 BC in Sinai. Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets originated in 600 BC....
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The Origins of Writing - The first recorded history of writing tablets comes from Sumer in 3100 BC. The chief of the temple called the 'sangu' (accountant) was responsible for noting animals and other goods to tally the temple's wealth. The images of these goods were simply drawn on lumps of wet clay and lines drawn in accordance with the number of each, allowed to dry in the sun and became a permanent tablet....
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Traditional Weddings in Bangladesh - Unlike Toronto marriage ceremonies, matchmakers known as Ghotoks, who are normally relatives or friends of both the couple's families, arrange Bangladesh traditional weddings. These matchmakers facilitate any settlements between the couple....
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The King Without Crown - William Shakespeare was not only the name of a play writer but also, he was a versatile genius in the sky of English literature who led his pen through out the intensive problems of human beings irrespective of castes and creed and even with his gallant touch, the common phenomena of human societies have been reflected in a systematic manner. As he has entered in English literature as a Play Writer but he has thought about the poetic diction in the world which speaks about the nature, love and the superiority of natural aspects virtually....
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Literature of the Victorian Era - 4 General Characteristics of Victorian Literature - The literature of the Victorian age entered in a new period after the romantic revival. The literature of this era expressed the fusion of pure romance to gross realism. Literature of this age tends to come closer to daily life which reflects its practical problems and interests, it is ethical with moral purpose which exalts a purely ideal life....
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Chinese Art and Its Hidden Meanings - Whether it is a painting, wall scroll, hand fan, porcelain or other object, Chinese art can be enjoyed for its unexplainable qualities that make it pleasing to the eye. But the subjects of Chinese art also have ancient meanings. The Chinese have long taken these meanings into consideration when giving or receiving gifts. Here are a few objects used as subjects in Chinese art, and their meanings....
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Lost Wax Casting of Bronze - The traditional process used to cast bronze, developed and used 4,000 years ago, is called lost wax casting. This method results in highly detailed, quality castings and has changed very little over the centuries. The method was used by craftsmen and artists from every culture from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt up to today....
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Bronze - Ancient and Modern Alloy - Bronze is an alloy that goes back at least to the 4th millennium B.C. Bronze artifacts have been found in what is now known as Iran and Iraq. It was one of the most innovative and important alloys ever created by humans. It is much harder than pure copper or stone, and for this reason bronze was used to make many different kind of tools, weapons, other kinds of implements, armor, decorative tiles and statues....
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Tibetan Singing Bowls - Centuries of Resonance - Although they are commonly referred to as bowls, they are technically a standing bell. They are not hung upside down or put on a handle, but stand alone on the bottom side. By tapping with a wooden mallet, or rubbing the rim with a leather covered piece of wood, a Tibetan singing bowl can be made to sound. They have been used for centuries by Buddhists and others as an aid to meditation, health care, relaxation and certain religious practices....
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Hypermodern Book Collecting - Hypermodern books are books published in the last 10-20 years. When collecting these the trick is determining which books will appreciate in value....
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Honey Beer and the Holidays With the Maasai in Kenya - Maasai children wake up early on the 25th of December and excitedly urge their parents to hurry as they make tea and cook breakfast so they can open the presents. They have been preparing for this holiday for months by making presents for each other; beaded jewelry, belts, bags, calabashes, toys and body adornment for the children. After the present opening, clans gather for the feast of roasted meat, potatoes and potent honey beer....
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The Lion Dance - Ancient Art Form of China - The Lion Dance of China originated over one thousand years ago. It depicts the Asiatic lions of nearby India, some of which may have been presented to early Chinese Emperors as gifts. Lions in Chinese culture are guardian creatures, with statues of lions guarding royal palaces, homes of government officials and royal tombs....
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Chinese Wall Scrolls - History, Practice and Artistry - The span of Chinese culture traverses 6,000 years, and the history of Chinese art is almost as long. The art of Chinese painting can be thought to begin with the Chinese written language, because Chinese characters began as simple pictures (or pictographs) thousands of years ago....
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The Future of Capitalism - May be capitalism had served us best and had always been in synchrony with the natural course of things and as in all things in nature it has to go through birth growth and re- birth again or may be it have simply gone out of whack as to needs to have a revolutionary mutation (morphing) in to a completely new form, which as well is not a new phenomenon in nature either. It had enough times demonstrated to have fully bloomed and ripen and shade and naturally enough in every cycle of comeback it had broaden its orbit deepened it grasp and widened its appeal....
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Caring For Pregnant Women in Our Iranian Culture - In our Iranian style of life, there are certain ideas about the care and attention for a pregnant woman. We benefit from acknowledging those values; we may pay extra attention to the prenatal and postnatal care in our culture....
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2012, 1484 and Other Apocalypses - The Dynamics of Society - This article addresses the topic of apocalyptic - millennial movements from a historical perspective. It looks in particular at Renaissance apocalyptic thought and draws conclusions as to the impact prophecies and millennial perspectives have on society....
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Symbols of France - When we think of France we all think of different things, from the Eiffel Tower to the French Flag. But what are the most important symbols of France, both in the country and abroad?...
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Philanthropic Drive - Think Bigger - Philanthropy is a simple idea with far reaching effects. It may encompass narrowly defined causes or seek to effect broad social change. The basic idea of philanthropy hasn't changed, it's still something good....
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